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Pope Sylvester III
Pope Sylvester III or Silvester III (c. 1000 – 1062 or 1063), born Giovanni dei Crescenzi–Ottaviani in Rome, was Pope from 20 January to March 1045.
When Pope Benedict IX was driven from Rome in September 1044, John, bishop of Sabina, was elected after fierce and protracted infighting. He took the name Sylvester III in January 1045. Benedict IX issued an excommunication of the new Pope〔Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 172.〕 and in March returned to Rome and expelled Sylvester,〔Megan McLaughlin, ''Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000-1122'', (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 63.〕 who himself returned to Sabina to again take up his office of bishop in that diocese.〔John-Peter Pham, ''Heirs of the Fisherman : Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession'', (Oxford University Press, 2004), 57.〕
Nearly two years later (in December 1046), the Council of Sutri deprived him of his bishopric and priesthood and ordered him sent to a monastery.〔F. Donald Logan, ''A History of the Church in the Middle Ages'', 2nd edition, (Routledge, 2013), 96.〕 This sentence was obviously suspended because he continued to function and was recognized as Bishop of Sabina until at least 1062.〔J.N.D. Kelly, ''A Dictionary of Popes'', (Oxford University Press, 2010), 144.〕 A successor bishop to the see of Sabina is recorded for October 1063, indicating that John must have died prior to that date.〔
Though some consider him to have been an antipope, Sylvester III continues to be listed as an official Pope (1045) in Vatican lists. A similar situation applies to Pope Gregory VI (1045–1046). His pontifical name was used again by Antipope Theodoric because, at that time, he was not considered a legitimate pontiff.
==Notes==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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